Getting Caught Off Guard

I managed to wind up getting in the debate I wanted to avoid with my Jehovah's Witness friends yesterday. I totally blame myself for that. I read ahead in the book we were using, and came across a section I knew I would have trouble with. I should have seen the signs and prepared better. Instead, we wound up debating how accurate the Bible is when it comes to science and prophecy.

The discussion started out well enough. Jehovah's Witnesses hold to a variation of the ransom theory of atonement. Last week, I pointed out that ransoms are usually paid to someone and asked to whom was the ransom paid. They weren't clear about it themselves, so I asked them if they could get material for the official Watchtower teaching. They provided it this week. It's material I still have to look over. It could be the beginning of some work comparing different Atonement theories. We'll see.

Then we began covering chapter six of What Does the Bible Really Teach? (WDBRT), a PDF version which can be found here. Some of it is standard Christian teaching, i.e., death began with Adam. The crux of the chapter, however, is about the distinctive teaching of the Jehovah's Witnesses that the dead are basically in a state of sleep until if and when they are resurrected. That is, a person's spirit does not go to heaven or hell while awaiting the final judgment. They did make a good biblical case for that view, although, as I pointed out, other interpretations are also possible. Their view is consonant with scholarship on the development of the doctrine of the afterlife.¹

No problems there. I'm not horribly concerned with what happens after we are dead. I figure we are all going find out sooner or later anyway.

No, my problems did not start until we hit the final section “Knowing the Truth About Death Is Beneficial” (p. 64-65). I didn't find this section very beneficial. In this section, the book talks about the reasons why people believe other things about what happens after death. Basically, it boils down to Satan blinds them and religious teachers are lying. That's where I slammed the brakes in our discussion.

It's one thing to say people are wrong. The solution is to present your case and let people decide. To say something like “People believe other things because Satan has blinded them” is utterly dismissive of their views. It refuses to consider the possibility that people might have good reasons for believing what they do. And when you go further and start accusing people of actually lying … well, then, you had better be ready to prove it.

When I said as much, they turned to the Bible. Next thing you know, we're discussing whether the earth is supposed to be topped of with a dome (Gen. 1:6-8, 14-19) and whether Ezekiel's prophecies regarding Tyre and Egypt came true. They promised to come back with answers to the issues I raised (which I'm sure is going to be the same old stuff I've heard before). I marked a few passages of my own in case they really want to continue that discussion.

The problem is I don't want to continue the discussion. As I noted before, such a debate would be pointless anyway. In this case, it is also worthless because a discussion on the Bible's reliability will not advance my understanding of the Jehovah's Witnesses. That is the point I need to keep in mind.

So my plan for the next meeting is to apologize for derailing the discussion so badly. Meanwhile, I need to do my homework better. If I can anticipate a problem, I need to know better what I am going to say so that pointless debates don't ensue.

1 See, for example, Alan E. Bernstein, The Formation of Hell: Death and Retribution in the Ancient and Early Christian Worlds (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993).

An Approach to the Fall Story in Genesis, Part Two

In Part One, I proposed we should not talk about “what Scripture says” about a given topic by assuming all the authors spoke with a unified voice. Instead, to answer any given question about scriptural teaching, we need to look at what each individual author wrote. Only then can we start suggesting some tentative answers to those questions. In this part, I am going to apply that methodology to answer questions about what Scripture says about the origin of death.

Going back to the beginning means starting with Genesis chapters two and three. For this discussion, I largely draw on David P. Wright's “Sex and Death in the Garden of Eden.”¹ Biblical quotations are taken from the New Revised Standard Version.

When we try to look at Genesis as Genesis, it becomes unclear whether the one of the story's purposes is to describe the origin of death. The text does not clearly say this and could actually be read both ways. Some scholars, including Wright himself at one point, have concluded the story does talk about the origin of death.² Since this is the most common position, we need not dwell on it. Instead, we will look at the evidence that points in the other direction.

The Genesis story, in many respects, is about how humans became differentiated from the animals. Some of the questions it seeks to answer include: Why are humans more intelligent than animals? Why are humans able to act beyond mere instinct? Why do humans use clothing? Possibly, why do humans engage in non-reproductive sexual activity?³

Obviously, the fact of death does not make humans different from animals. Since there is no reason to suspect that animals can't die before the Fall of Adam, there is also no reason to suspect that Adam was not already subject to death. If the story was meant to be about how death in general came into the world, the failure to mention the animals leaves a huge gap in the story.⁴ If the story was intended to only show how humans became mortal, that still leaves us with the implication that animals were already subject to death.

Curiously, this hole remains when we look at other texts about the origin of death. Certainly there are passages that could be construed to say that Adam's transgression brought death on animals as well as humans (e.g., 1 Cor. 15:21). However, those passages are so human-centric that we are not forced into that conclusion.

It is hard to make sense of the threat of Gen. 2:17 without assuming death was already a factor in the Garden of Eden. If death was not already a factor, then Adam would have no conceptual basis on which to fear such a penalty. Instead, the force of the threat lay in stressing premature death (“in the day that you eat of it you shall die,” emphasis added).⁵ This implies that even for Adam, death was natural. Notably, Eve only eats the fruit when the threat of immediate death is removed.

Finally, what can we make of the Tree of Life?⁶ On could argue that so long as they had access to the Tree of Life, the humans could have staved off death—potentially forever. The sequel in Gen. 3:22-24 seems to have this implication. Fearing the humans would eat from the Tree of Life, God expels them from the Garden and places a guard on the tree. Let's explore the implications a little further.

When God gave the humans permission to “freely eat of every tree” except for “the tree of the knowledge of good and evil,” (Gen.2:16-17), by implication they were permitted to eat of the Tree of Life. One could suppose they were freely eating from it, and that it was keeping them alive until no longer had access to it. However, there are some indications that, even if it was permitted, Adam and Eve did not eat from the Tree of Life.

The whole point of the sequel is to prevent the humans from taking “also from the tree of life” (Gen. 3:22). Though it is by no means conclusive, the passage seems to say that Adam and Eve had not yet eaten from this tree. If so, then the Tree of Life did not account for their alleged immortal state before eating of the Tree of Knowledge. In other words, they were mortal from the beginning.⁷

Moreover, if Genesis chapter three is a story about the origin of death, this would be a strange way of telling it. If the humans' continued immortality depended on eating from the Tree of Life, then that implies they were subject to death without it. To tell a story about the origin of death by implying Adam and Eve were already mortal turns the story into complete nonsense.

Finally, we should consider the parallelism between the Trees of Life and Knowledge. The Tree of Knowledge conferred a once-and-for-all benefit: knowing good and evil. We would expect that the Tree of Life does the same. If this is so, then Adam and Eve would not need to continue eating from the Tree of Life in order to have immortality; once would be enough. This would explain why God was so anxious to prevent the humans from accessing the Tree of Life and further usurp divine prerogatives.⁸

To summarize, the Fall story in Genesis may not be about the origin of death after all. Even when we try to read the story while setting aside later interpretations, we can't fully be sure whether the author meant to tell the story of how death came into the world. With this in mind, we can take a stab at answering some of the questions that were raised in Part One.

To the question of whether there was death in the world before Adam ate the fruit, we can only say we don't know if that is what the author of Genesis meant. As far as Genesis is concerned, a range of answers is possible. The author could have meant there was absolutely no death before the Fall; he could have meant only Adam and Eve weren't subject to death before eating the fruit; he could have merely assumed that death was already present in the garden.

The lack of certainty opens up some options. One could say that if there is any question about what the author of Genesis meant, then Paul and Joseph Smith settle the matter. The answers to the other questions will tend to fall in line.

However, if Genesis is not about the origin of death, then the fact that evolutionary theory requires the presence of death from the beginning is less of a problem. One could then argue that Paul and Joseph Smith were talking about the origin of spiritual death. True, some problems will remain. With regard to Paul, such thinking would likely be anachronistic. However, if one must try reconciling evolution with a somewhat literal reading Scripture (something I do not recommend), that is about the best way of doing it.

If we can't be sure whether the Fall story is talking about the origin of death, it is a moot point whether physical or spiritual death is meant. More than likely, a strict division between “physical” and “spiritual” death is a concept that simply did not exist yet.⁹ So the best answer in our terminology is both. Barring access to the Tree of Life effectively condemned humans to physical death. Expelling them from the garden meant they no longer had direct communion with God. That is pretty close to what we moderns would call spiritual death. Of course, later writers would also wind up saying both (e.g., Hel. 14:16). As long as we are careful not to press this is as the author's intent, it is a valid approach to read the story of the Fall this way.

I have no problems whatsoever in regarding the Tree of Life as symbolic. I would, however, shy away from one-to-one correspondences; the Tree of Life may be symbolic, but it is not allegorical. Symbols often bristle with meaning, no one of which should be considered the “correct” one. In this sense, the meaning of a symbol can go far beyond what its creator meant. This having been said, equating the Tree of Life with the Atonement would probably be very anachronistic if imposed on the author of Genesis.

The question of whether Adam felt guilt over his transgression is not answered by Genesis. As far as we can tell from Genesis, after being expelled from the garden, Adam and Eve simply went on with their lives. This really should not be very surprising. The author is not very interested in exploring the inner thoughts of the characters. He seemed content to allow the readers to read between the lines based on what the characters say and do.

Having explored what Genesis might or might not say about the origin of death, I am going to pause. When I take up the topic again, I will discuss the literature of the so-called intertestamental period and its possible influences on the next major interpreter of the Fall story, Paul.

1 Sunstone, June 1998, 33-39.

2 Wright, “Sex and Death,” 33. See especially notes five and six for arguments that the story of the Fall is about the origin of death.

3 This last question is a bit shakier. It assumes the line “yet your desire shall be for your husband” in Gen. 3:16 is a reference to non-reproductive sex and the author was not aware of any animals that engage in non-reproductive sex.

4 Wright, “Sex and Death” 33-34.

5 In this sense, Abr. 5:13 reduces the immediacy of the death threat by changing “in the day” to “in the time.” While this may indicate Adam was conceived as immortal before eating the fruit. Nevertheless, to say “if you eat the fruit you will die someday” is not much of a threat. Since the Book of Abraham remains unfinished, it is impossible to say what direction the parallel story to Genesis 3 may have gone.

6 The following argument tracks Wright, “Sex and Death,” 35-36, but I'm also elaborating on it.

7 Wright, “Sex and Death,” 36.

8 See also Wright, “Sex and Death,” 35-36.

9 That discussion is beyond the scope of these posts, however. For such a discussion, see Alan E. Bernstein, The Formation of Hell: Death and Retribution in the Ancient and Early Christian Worlds (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993).

An Approach to the Fall Story in Genesis, Part One

Over the last week, I have been contributing to Feast Upon the Word, a Wiki commentary on the Standard Works of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Typically, each page is divided into four sections: Questions, Lexical notes, Exegesis, and Related Links. If there is something that doesn't quite fit these categories, users can post it on the related discussion page. I am generally trying to answer something in the questions section with my contributions.

The site's users posed some very good questions about Gen.3:21-24. I would like to answer them, or at least suggest possible directions. However, I think my answers would prove too controversial for the site, so I'm going to post them here and hope for the best. Here are the questions:

• Verse 22: Was there death on this earth prior to Adam partaking of the fruit (before answering see Bible Dictionary entry for the fall)?¹
• If there was no death previously, how does this fit into popular views of theological evolution, evolution or other controversial issues? Can current views of science be reconciled with the creation account, or is this simply a matter of faith?
• Is the death referred to in verse 22, a spiritual or physical death? Or both?
• If the account in symbolic, what is the tree? Is it the atonement? A previous atonement (assuming Adam could have come from another Earth)?
• How do we find our way to our own "tree?" Can we partake (of the atonement) and live forever after we overcome our sins?
• Did Adam feel guilt for this transgression (See 2 Nephi 2)? What is the role of guilt?

Note that many of these questions assume that modern Mormon theology can answer these questions as if the author of Genesis had these things in mind. The first question is explicit about it: consult the Bible Dictionary first. The Bible Dictionary, of course, interprets the Fall story in light of later revelation. Assuming all the scriptural writers were speaking with a unified voice and the author of Genesis knew what the later writers knew, then the answer is simple. No, there was no death prior to Adam partaking of the fruit. The answers to the other questions will tend to fall in line. But is the answer really that simple?

I have already noted in another post that I don't assume scriptural writers mean the same thing even when speaking about the same topic using the same words. I also noted that not making this assumption has some staggering implications. At a very minimum, it is hard to talk about what Scripture “teaches” without qualification. To say, “Scripture teaches X,” assumes the various authors spoke with a (more or less) unified voice. That may be true, but we just can't assume it. Thus, when the first question implies its own answer by asking us to consult the Bible Dictionary, my response is, “Hold on, not so fast!” While I don't deny later writers have interpreted this passage to say there was no death before the Fall, that doesn't necessarily mean the author of Genesis intended that meaning.

If we can't properly talk about what Scripture “teaches,” what can we do? We start at the beginning. We try to figure out what each individual author meant, without necessary reference to later interpretations.² If a later writer uses a previous author's writing, we try to figure out how that material is being used, without necessary reference to the original author's intent.³ Should a unified voice emerge when we do this, fine and well. But if a unified voice does not emerge, then we will have do deal with it. I think it is more likely that we will find that we will many recurring themes, but that the individual authors are going to have different takes on those themes.

What if we find that the scriptural writers are not speaking with a unified voice? I don't think this is a cause for concern. After all, the Scriptures as we have them were written by numerous authors over a span of some three thousand years. We should expect differences in outlook and even contradictions. Differences and contradictions only matter when we impose inerrancy on the authors—and Latter-day Saints really should know better. Furthermore, the whole point of the Mormon doctrine of continuing revelation is that God “will yet reveal many great and important things pertaining to the Kingdom” (A of F 9). The author of Genesis had to work with the light he had no less than Paul and Joseph Smith did. We need not suppose these writers all had the same knowledge. Instead of trying to impose the framework of modern Mormon doctrine on the authors, let us see what they have to say for themselves. After that, we can start suggesting answers to these questions.

I will begin this process in Part Two by considering the question of whether the author of Genesis intended to describe the origin of death.

1 The reference is to the Appendix “Bible Dictionary” attached to the Bible published by the Church (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1979). The entry “Fall of Adam” is found on p. 670 of the Appendix.

2 This doesn't mean we can't use later interpretations as evidence regarding the original author's intent. When the interpreters are part of the originally intended audience, their readings can be particularly valuable as evidence of original intent. This is especially true when the original author's thoughts are (like most Scripture writers) unknown or lost.

3 For example, when I quote or cite another author's work, I don't necessarily mean to say that author intended the use I make of it. As a Book of Mormon environmentalist, I make free use of some historicist works even though those authors and I have radically different starting points and come to different conclusions regarding the same evidence.